Table 4. Comparison of astroparticle physics and astronuclear physics from a computational perspective

Category	Astroparticle physics	Astronuclear physics
Primary targets	Neutrinos, dark matter, cosmic rays, gravitational waves	Extreme nuclear matter, nuclear reactions, neutron stars, supernova nuclei
Dominant theory	Quantum field theory, Standard Model and beyond Standard Model	Nuclear forces (EFT), many-body nuclear structure
Computational nature	Large-scale statistical simulations, event-based MC, ML	High-precision many-body calculations, matrix and lattice methods
Parallel characteristics	Event/sample independence → strong embarrassingly parallel scaling	Strong inter-particle coupling → communication-intensive scaling